[Exploring Needs, Motivations, and Limitations Towards Healthy Eating and Digital Resources: A Qualitative Study in a Mexican Primary Education Setting]. / Exploración de necesidades, motivaciones y limitaciones en relación con la alimentación saludable y recursos digitales: un estudio cualitativo en un entorno de educación primaria en México.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the needs, motivations, and limitations related to healthy eating and digital materials, as well as to identify patterns for their design as a strategy aimed at Mexican families. DESIGN: A qualitative observational study of the phenomenon through focus group sessions. LOCATION: A public primary education center in the city of Querétaro, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 9 to 11 years and parents, mothers, or caregivers with children in primary education. METHOD: Twelve sessions were conducted with three groups of students and two sessions with parents, mothers, or caregivers using an interview guide. Various digital materials, developed based on social cognitive theory, were presented during the sessions. The sessions were recorded with the participants' or their guardians' prior consent and transcribed for analysis. Coding was performed for key points of analysis, and information saturation was confirmed. RESULTS: Students expressed motivation towards digital material that promotes play and experimentation, especially within the family context. The main perceived barrier was the caregivers' resistance to change. Parents expressed motivation and a need for explanatory material on diseases, with economic and time-related barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Digital material based on social cognitive theory, designed to improve nutrition, can be an effective strategy in nutritional education if it considers the circumstances of the target population. It is advisable to include affective and behavioral elements to achieve meaningful learning within households.

Effect of Foliar Application of Hydrogen Peroxide Macroconcentrations on Growth Parameters, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in the Leaves and Seeds of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

Amaranth has many interesting features, both nutritional and otherwise, that make it attractive as a food crop. Plants grown in greenhouses have higher yields but lower nutritional value compared to those grown in open fields. This prompted an interest in studying viable elicitors for the production of amaranth. Small hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations for foliar spraying from 0 to 18 mM have been used in greenhouse amaranth cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of H2O2 megadoses on growth parameters, total phenolic compounds, condensed tannins, anthocyanins, and the antioxidant capacity of leaves and seeds of amaranth grown in a greenhouse setting. The seed of the Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. species was used. The concentrations of H2O2 analyzed were 0, 125, 250 and 400 mM, with 11 applications throughout the growing cycle. The variable data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Tukey's post hoc test (95% CI, p < 0.05). The results on chlorophyll, growth parameters and proximal chemical analysis showed no statistical difference between the control group versus the treatment groups. A greater number of favorable changes in the different variables studied were observed with the 125 mM H2O2 treatment, including the increase in antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP. The seed showed a considerable increase in TFC with all treatments and responded better to the 250 mM H2O2 treatment in the case of DPPH (an increase of 30%) and TPC (an increase of 44%). A 28% increase in anthocyanin content was observed with the treatment of 400 mM H2O2. The use of H2O2 may be an appropriate strategy to enhance the production of antioxidant compounds in amaranth without affecting growth or its basic proximal chemical composition. More studies are required in this regard.

Design and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Evaluate the Consumption of Trans Fatty Acids in the Adult Population (FFQ-TFA).

Instruments for estimating the intake of food components can be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases related to improper diet. There is, at present, no scientifically validated instrument for estimating consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) in the Mexican population. The objective of this study was to design and validate such an instrument: a questionnaire that can be used to estimate consumption of TFA from food products. The questionnaire was applied to 162 students from the Autonomous University of Querétaro (UAQ). There were two phases to the study: (1) design of a food frequency questionnaire to assess consumption of trans fatty acids (FFQ-TFA) and an eating practices questionnaire (EPQ-TFA); (2) validation of the instrument. Content validity was measured by expert review and by Aiken's V method, obtaining an overall score of 0.895. As final tests for the FFQ-TFA analysis, criterion validity was measured using Spearman's correlation (r = 0.717, p < 0.01) and a linear regression (B = 0.668), considering the results of the 24-h dietary recall (24 HR); and reproducibility or temporal stability was measured using Pearson's correlation (r = 0.406, p < 0.01). Subsequently, a Pearson correlation was applied between TFA consumption estimated by the FFQ-TFA-2 and the global score from the EPQ-TFA-2 (r = 0.351, p < 0.01). A Pearson correlation was applied between the EPQ-TFA-1 and the EPQ-TFA-2 (r = 0.575, p < 0.01). TFA consumption per day was 2.49 ± 1.32 g in the participating population, which was 1.04 ± 0.51% of their total kcal consumption.

Comparative Analysis of the Protein Composition of Goat Milk from French Alpine, Nubian, and Creole Breeds and Holstein Friesian Cow Milk: Implications for Early Infant Nutrition.

Of the diversity of proteins and high digestibility, goat milk will be a food of significant value for infant nutrition. The genetic polymorphisms of milk proteins play an essential role in the different degrees of allergic reactions. This work aimed to identify the proteins and peptides in the composition of goat milk and compare them to those in cow's milk. The work was performed with goats French Alpine, Nubian, and Creole breeds and Holstein Friesian milking cows at the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Amazcala. We investigated the relative abundance of goat and cow milk protein fractions by SDS-PAGE resolution and the densitometric analysis of gels. The protein alfa-casein was (17.67 ± 0.46) for Creole, (19.18 ± 0.88) French Alpine, (17.35 ± 0.49) Nubian, and (35.92 ± 1.96) Holstein cows. The relative abundance obtained from alfa-casein was statistically different between goats and cows, and this protein was vital because it is a protein related to allergies. On the other hand, the amino acid in position 67 of the beta-casein from three goat breeds is a Proline, so it is assumed that the beta-casein variant of goat milk is an A2-type. The latter has excellent relevance for infant nutrition and differs from cow milk.

Content of industrially produced trans fatty acids in breast milk: An observational study.

Breast milk may contain industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFAs), which can affect the content of essential fatty acids (EFAs). This could have significant implications for the child's development. The fatty acids present in breast milk can be modified by adjusting the mother's diet. The objective of this study was to determine the content of industrially produced TFAs present in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk produced by mothers between 18 and 45 years of age in the state of Querétaro, Mexico, based on a longitudinal observational study. The TFA content in the breast milk of 33 lactating women was analyzed using gas chromatography. The mothers' consumption of TFAs was also estimated by analyzing a log prepared through 24-hr dietary recall (24HR) obtained in each period. The TFA content in the mothers' diet was similar across the colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk phases: 1.64 ± 1.25 g, 1.39 ± 1.01, and 1.66 ± 1.13 g, respectively. The total TFA content was 1.529% ± 1.648% for colostrum; 0.748% ± 1.033% for transitional milk and 0.945% ± 1.368% for mature milk. Elaidic acid was the TFA in the highest concentration in all three types of milk. No correlation was found between the content of industrially produced TFAs in breast milk and the anthropometric measurements of the mother or between the estimated consumption of TFAs and the content of TFAs in breast milk. Elaidic acid and total content of TFAs were negatively correlated (p < .05) with the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.394 ± 0.247) (R = -0.382) in colostrum. The concentration of TFAs was found to correlate with the composition of EFAs in milk.

Relationship between Emotional Eating, Consumption of Hyperpalatable Energy-Dense Foods, and Indicators of Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review.

People's health is closely linked to their diet. Diet can be defined as the set of foods that are consumed in a day, and it is susceptible to being altered by various factors, such as physiological, environmental, psychological, and social. These, in turn, can be affected by an inadequate diet and/or a dysregulation of emotions. Emotions are an immediate response by the organism informing it of the degree of favorability of a certain stimulus or situation. Moods are similar to emotions but more intense and prolonged. Some studies indicate that the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods may be related to emotional eating. Emotional eating is characterized by the excessive consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, rich in sugars and fats, in response to negative emotions. But several reports also indicate that emotional eating may be associated with the presence of positive emotions, so further analysis of the available information is necessary. Consuming higher amounts of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods can lead to the accumulation of energy in the body that results in an increase in body weight, as well as other associated diseases. Obesity is the world's leading diet-related health problem. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of the available literature using the Cochrane methodology, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate the relationship between emotional eating, the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, and indicators of nutritional status. An exhaustive search in different databases yielded 9431 scientific articles, 45 of which met the inclusion criteria. This review underscores the fact that knowing and understanding the reasons why people consume hyperpalatable energy-dense foods and the possible connection with their emotional eating can provide key data for improving and personalizing patients' nutritional treatment. This in turn can encourage compliance with treatment plans to improve people's health and quality of life using an interdisciplinary approach.

Evaluation of the effect of a school garden as an educational didactic tool in vegetable and fruit consumption in teenagers.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Increasing the consumption of vegetables and fruits in Mexico remains a challenge. Promoting sustainable food production systems through schools may be an effective way to educate young people about food and nutrition issues. A study of nutritional education in adolescents, based on the school garden, is necessary in order to evaluate its effects on the consumption of fruits and vegetables among middle- and upper-income segments of the population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention, accompanied by a school garden as an educational teaching tool, to improve vegetable and fruit consumption by Mexican teenagers attending a private middle/high school. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Teenagers between 12 and 18 years of age (n = 126) attending a private middle/high school in Queretaro, Mexico participated in a 3-arm, controlled, comparative impact study using a vegetable and fruit consumption frequency questionnaire, food consumption diaries, a psychosocial factor assessment questionnaire of vegetable and fruit consumption, and structured interviews. The participants were randomized into 3 experimental groups: 1) food education + school garden (FE + SG), 2) FE only, and 3) control group (CG). RESULTS: The FE + SG and FE groups significantly increased the frequency and daily intake of vegetables and fruits compared to the CG. The FE + SG group showed greater understanding of, reflection upon, and analysis of the information they received about vegetable and fruit consumption, as well as a greater willingness to include these in their daily diet. CONCLUSIONS: FE accompanied by a SG as a teaching tool is more effective at promoting vegetable and fruit consumption than either education alone or control in teenagers in middle-upper income segments of the population.

Effect on nutritional markers of a model of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane and sodium dextran sulfate in Sprague Dawley rats / Efecto sobre marcadores nutricionales de un modelo de focos de criptas aberrantes inducidos por azoximetano y dextrano de sulfato sódico en ratas Sprague Dawley

Introduction: aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are colon preneoplastic lesions that can be used as a tool to study preventive processes for colorectal cancer (CRC). This model consists of initiation induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and promoted by sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), simulating human colonic carcinogenesis in a rat model. There is no direct information on the effects of this process on nutritional markers. Objective: to determine the effect on nutritional markers after the induction of ACF by AOM/DSS in a rat model. Methods: ACF were induced in 24 four-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats by administration of 2 AOM injections (10 mg/kg) and 7 days of 2% DSS in their drinking water. Body weight gain, food and fluid intake, weight of sacrificial organs, nutritional biochemical profiles, liver and kidney toxicity were evaluated. Cell counts in blood were also performed and histological sections evaluated in specific organs. The model was confirmed with identification and counts of ACF. Half of the rats were sacrificed at the sub-chronic stage and the rest at the chronic stage. Results: at the sub-chronic stage, changes in the liver and colon weight, and in the lymphocyte count were observed. For both stages, histopathological damage was observed in liver, kidney and colon, along with alterations in serum glucose levels. Conclusions: the model for proposed ACF can be used at the sub-chronic stage without the need for observation at the chronic stage. More research is needed to determine the mechanism of the observed effects

Introducción: los focos de criptas aberrantes (ACF) son lesiones preneoplásicas en colon que pueden ser utilizados como herramienta para estudiar procesos preventivos para el cáncer colorectal (CCR). Este modelo consiste en la iniciación inducida por azoximetano (AOM) y promovida por dextrano sulfato sódico (DSS) simulando una carcinogénesis colónica humana en un modelo de rata. No existe información directa de los efectos sobre marcadores nutricios para este proceso. Objetivo: determinar el efecto sobre marcadores nutricios tras la inducción de ACF por AOM/DSS en un modelo de rata. Métodos: se utilizaron veinticuatro ratas machos Sprague Dawley de 4 semanas para la inducción de ACF por administración de 2 inyecciones de AOM (10 mg/kg) y 7 días de DSS al 2% en el agua para beber. Se evaluó la ganancia de peso corporal, el consumo de alimento y de líquidos, el peso de órganos al sacrificio, perfiles bioquímicos nutricios, de toxicidad hepática y renal. Asimismo, se realizaron conteos celulares en sangre y se evaluaron cortes histológicos en órganos específicos. El modelo se confirmó con la identificación y conteos de ACF. Se sacrificó la mitad de las ratas en etapa subcrónica y las demás en etapa crónica. Resultados: en la etapa subcrónica se observaron cambios entre grupos en el peso del hígado y colon, y en el conteo de linfocitos. En ambas etapas se observaron daños histopatológicos en hígado, riñón y colon, así como alteraciones en los niveles de glucosa sérica. Conclusiones: el modelo para ACF propuesto puede ser utilizado en etapa subcrónica sin necesidad de llevarlo a tiempo crónico. Es necesaria más investigación para determinar el mecanismo de los efectos observados

Effect on nutritional markers of a model of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane and sodium dextran sulfate in Sprague Dawley rats.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are colon preneoplastic lesions that can be used as a tool to study preventive processes for colorectal cancer (CRC). This model consists of initiation induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and promoted by sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), simulating human colonic carcinogenesis in a rat model. There is no direct information on the effects of this process on nutritional markers. Objective: to determine the effect on nutritional markers after the induction of ACF by AOM/DSS in a rat model. Methods: ACF were induced in 24 four-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats by administration of 2 AOM injections (10 mg/kg) and 7 days of 2% DSS in their drinking water. Body weight gain, food and fluid intake, weight of sacrificial organs, nutritional biochemical profiles, liver and kidney toxicity were evaluated. Cell counts in blood were also performed and histological sections evaluated in specific organs. The model was confirmed with identification and counts of ACF. Half of the rats were sacrificed at the sub-chronic stage and the rest at the chronic stage. Results: at the sub-chronic stage, changes in the liver and colon weight, and in the lymphocyte count were observed. For both stages, histopathological damage was observed in liver, kidney and colon, along with alterations in serum glucose levels. Conclusions: the model for proposed ACF can be used at the sub-chronic stage without the need for observation at the chronic stage. More research is needed to determine the mechanism of the observed effects.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los focos de criptas aberrantes (ACF) son lesiones preneoplásicas en colon que pueden ser utilizados como herramienta para estudiar procesos preventivos para el cáncer colorectal (CCR). Este modelo consiste en la iniciación inducida por azoximetano (AOM) y promovida por dextrano sulfato sódico (DSS) simulando una carcinogénesis colónica humana en un modelo de rata. No existe información directa de los efectos sobre marcadores nutricios para este proceso. Objetivo: determinar el efecto sobre marcadores nutricios tras la inducción de ACF por AOM/DSS en un modelo de rata. Métodos: se utilizaron veinticuatro ratas machos Sprague Dawley de 4 semanas para la inducción de ACF por administración de 2 inyecciones de AOM (10 mg/kg) y 7 días de DSS al 2% en el agua para beber. Se evaluó la ganancia de peso corporal, el consumo de alimento y de líquidos, el peso de órganos al sacrificio, perfiles bioquímicos nutricios, de toxicidad hepática y renal. Asimismo, se realizaron conteos celulares en sangre y se evaluaron cortes histológicos en órganos específicos. El modelo se confirmó con la identificación y conteos de ACF. Se sacrificó la mitad de las ratas en etapa subcrónica y las demás en etapa crónica. Resultados: en la etapa subcrónica se observaron cambios entre grupos en el peso del hígado y colon, y en el conteo de linfocitos. En ambas etapas se observaron daños histopatológicos en hígado, riñón y colon, así como alteraciones en los niveles de glucosa sérica. Conclusiones: el modelo para ACF propuesto puede ser utilizado en etapa subcrónica sin necesidad de llevarlo a tiempo crónico. Es necesaria más investigación para determinar el mecanismo de los efectos observados.

Total phenolic compounds in milk from different species. Design of an extraction technique for quantification using the Folin-Ciocalteu method.

Milk protects the health of newborns because it contains essential compounds that perform metabolic activities. Despite these benefits, the study of phenolic compounds in milk has been poorly explored. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a technique for extracting total phenolic compounds (TPCs) from a milk matrix and then analyzing them using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The extraction technique was applied to goat milk and involved the addition of methanol, acetonitrile, and Carrez I and II reagents, after which protein was separated from fat through centrifugation. Subsequently, the technique was applied to goat (69.03±6.23mg GAE/L), cow (49.00±10.77mg GAE/L), sheep (167.6±58.77mg GAE/L) and human milk (82.45±12.3mg GAE/L). The technique showed an acceptable linearity (R(2)=0.9998), limit of detection (6.03mg GAE/L) and quantification (16.2mg GAE/L), repeatability (RSD=4%), reproducibility (RSD=6.8%) and recovery (>85.41%); it is thus effective and can be used in the routine analysis of milk. TPCs obtained from each type of milk indicate a high variability among species and among members of the same species.

Content and evolution of potential furfural compounds in commercial milk-based infant formula powder after opening the packet.

Potential furfural compounds were examined by RP-HPLC-DAD in 20 commercial milk-based powdered infant formula (IF) brands from local markets from Paris, France; DF, Mexico; Copenhagen, Denmark; England, UK; and Barcelona, Spain. We traced the evolution of these compounds after the packets had been opened at 0, 30 and 70 days of storage at room temperature (≈25 °C; minimum 23 °C and maximum 25.5 °C). All formula brands were analysed during the first 3-5 months of their shelf life. The mean values of all IFs for potential 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF)+2-furaldehyde (F) were 1115.2 µg/100 g (just opened), 1157.6 µg/100 g (30 days) and 1344.5 µg/100 g of product (70 days). In general, slight increases of potential furfural contents were observed in most of the studied IFs, which suggests that the Maillard reaction increases after opening the packets. The main furfural compound found was HMF, as expected. The range of potential HMF consumed for an infant about 6 months old feeding only on formula was estimated between 0.63 mg and 3.25 mg per day.

The effect of olive oil polyphenols on antibodies against oxidized LDL. A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) is a highly immunogenic particle that plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. Some data suggest a protective role of OxLDL autoantibodies (OLAB) in atherosclerosis. Our aim was to assess the effect of olive oil polyphenols on the immunogenicity of oxLDL to autoantibody generation. METHODS: In a crossover, controlled trial, 200 healthy men were randomly assigned to 3-week sequences of 25 mL/day of 3 olive oils with high (366 mg/kg), medium (164 mg/kg), and low (2.7 mg/kg) phenolic content. RESULTS: Plasma OLAB concentration was inversely associated with oxLDL (p < 0.001). Olive oil phenolic content increased OLAB generation, with the effect being stronger at higher concentrations of oxLDL (p = 0.020 for interaction). A direct relationship was observed between OLAB and the total olive oil phenol content in LDL (r = 0.209; p = 0.014). OLAB concentrations, adjusted for oxLDL, increased directly in a dose-dependent manner with the polyphenol content of the olive oil administered (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Olive oil polyphenols promote OLAB generation. This effect is stronger at higher concentrations of lipid oxidative damage.

Elevated circulating LDL phenol levels in men who consumed virgin rather than refined olive oil are associated with less oxidation of plasma LDL.

In human LDL, the bioactivity of olive oil phenols is determined by the in vivo disposition of the biological metabolites of these compounds. Here, we examined how the ingestion of 2 similar olive oils affected the content of the metabolic forms of olive oil phenols in LDL in men. The oils differed in phenol concentrations as follows: high (629 mg/L) for virgin olive oil (VOO) and null (0 mg/L) for refined olive oil (ROO). The study population consisted of a subsample from the EUROLIVE study and a randomized controlled, crossover design was used. Intervention periods lasted 3 wk and were preceded by a 2-wk washout period. The levels of LDL hydroxytyrosol monosulfate and homovanillic acid sulfate, but not of tyrosol sulfate, increased after VOO ingestion (P < 0.05), whereas the concentrations of circulating oxidation markers, including oxidized LDL (oxLDL), conjugated dienes, and hydroxy fatty acids, decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of LDL phenols and oxidation markers were not affected by ROO consumption. The relative increase in the 3 LDL phenols was greater when men consumed VOO than when they consumed ROO (P < 0.05), as was the relative decrease in plasma oxLDL (P = 0.001) and hydroxy fatty acids (P < 0.001). Plasma oxLDL concentrations were negatively correlated with the LDL phenol levels (r = -0.296; P = 0.013). Phenols in LDL were not associated with other oxidation markers. In summary, the phenol concentration of olive oil modulates the phenolic metabolite content in LDL after sustained, daily consumption. The inverse relationship of these metabolites with the degree of LDL oxidation supports the in vivo antioxidant role of olive oil phenolics compounds.

Changes in the phenolic content of low density lipoprotein after olive oil consumption in men. A randomized crossover controlled trial.

Olive oil decreases the risk of CVD. This effect may be due to the fatty acid profile of the oil, but it may also be due to its antioxidant content which differs depending on the type of olive oil. In this study, the concentrations of oleic acid and antioxidants (phenolic compounds and vitamin E) in plasma and LDL were compared after consumption of three similar olive oils, but with differences in their phenolic content. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, randomized supplementation trial. Virgin, common, and refined olive oils were administered during three periods of 3 weeks separated by a 2-week washout period. Participants were requested to ingest a daily dose of 25 ml raw olive oil, distributed over the three meals of the day, during intervention periods. All three olive oils caused an increase in plasma and LDL oleic acid (P < 0.05) content. Olive oils rich in phenolic compounds led to an increase in phenolic compounds in LDL (P < 0.005). The concentration of phenolic compounds in LDL was directly correlated with the phenolic concentration in the olive oils. The increase in the phenolic content of LDL could account for the increase of the resistance of LDL to oxidation, and the decrease of the in vivo oxidized LDL, observed in the frame of this trial. Our results support the hypothesis that a daily intake of virgin olive oil promotes protective LDL changes ahead of its oxidation.

Presence of virgin olive oil phenolic metabolites in human low density lipoprotein fraction: determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

The biological benefits of olive oil in preventing the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) would seem to be linked to its high monounsaturated fatty acid contents, but also to its respective phenolic compounds contents. One prerequisite to assess the in vivo physiological significance of phenolic compounds is to determine their presence in human LDL following the ingestion of virgin olive oil. In this work, olive oil phenolic metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) detection, after solid phase extraction (SPE). Quantitative methods were developed in carrying out linearity, precision, sensitivity and recovery tests. The results from two methods of LDL separation were compared and shorter LDL isolation procedure showed a better recovery for antioxidants compounds in LDL. The metabolites identified in LDL were: hydroxytyrosol monoglucuronide, hydroxytyrosol monosulfate, tyrosol glucuronide, tyrosol sulfate and homovanillic acid sulfate. The fact that olive oil phenolic metabolites are able to bind LDL strengthens claims that these compounds act as in vivo antioxidants.

Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of virgin olive oil phenolic metabolites in human low-density lipoproteins.

A rapid method for detection and quantification of metabolites of specific olive oil phenolic compounds (hydroxytyrosol monoglucuronide, hydroxytyrosol monosulfate, tyrosol glucuronide, tyrosol sulfate and homovanillic acid sulfate) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) is described. A 3 microm particle size fast C18 Luna column, 5 cm x 2.0 mm I.D., was used at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). A linear gradient profile was used for separation at column temperature 40 degrees C. The proposed chromatographic procedure is rapid without loosing its separation efficiency and sensitivity. Validation proofs were carried out for the method described, showing a linear system (r>0.99) and a recovery of 81.9 and 101.3% for hydroxytyrosol and homovanillic acid, respectively. The results show that this method is effective and can be used in routine analysis.

Characterization and quantification of phenolic compounds in olive oils by solid-phase extraction, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-MS/MS.

A simple and reproducible method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oils by solid-phase extraction (SPE), high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) in tandem mode was developed. The polar fraction was obtained from samples of three different virgin olive oils. Detection and quantification were performed at 280, 240, and 320 nm. For identification purposes, HPLC-MS/MS was equipped with turbo ion spray source in the negative-ion mode. Twenty compounds of twenty-three detected and quantified were characterized. The method showed satisfactory linearity (r > 0.99), good recovery, satisfactory precision, and appropriate limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ).